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{\bf   August 21, 1999 errata for Eric Rasmusen's Games and Information, Second
Edition, arranged by page number. Updated December 8, 2000. }
 \end{center}

This list of errors is arranged by page number.  A separate file arranges them
by date of discovery.  I have tried to star the mistakes most likely to cause
trouble, since most of the mistakes listed here are fairly obvious typos.

 I can be reached at    Eric Rasmusen, 	  Indiana University, Kelley 
School of Business, Rm. 456,   
  1309 E 10th Street,
  Bloomington, Indiana, 47405-1701.
  Office: (812) 855-9219.  Fax: 812-855-3354. Email: Erasmuse@Indiana.edu. 
 Web:  Php.indiana.edu/$\sim$erasmuse. 


Materials for  for the second edition of {\it Games and Information} can be
found at:

http://pacioli.bus.indiana.edu/erasmuse/GI/edition2.htm
 
 To view Acrobat (.pdf) files, you will need to download <A
HREF="http://www.adobe.com/acrobat/readstep.html">Adobe
Acrobat Reader</A>


 If  you don't use the web, just let me know and I'll send you hardcopy. 



   Many of the game descriptions lack the gray boxes that they are supposed to
have. This includes the games described on pages 260, 276, 280, and 349.

 p. 23.  Teaching note: ``Boxed Pigs'' illustrates Nash equilibrium, but it is
also possible to find the equilibrium of this game by iterated deletion of
dominated strategies.  There is no error here, but students may get confused.
  
p. 33.  Question 1.2c. should be changed to:\\
   \hspace*{16pt} (1.2c) Is every
iterated dominance   equilibrium made up of weakly dominant
strategies? \\


p. 43.  (found by   Kyung-Hwan Baik, Appalachian State/Sung Kyun Kwan U., March
29, 1996).  In Table 2.3, $J$ should be $J_4$.

*p. 51. In Figure 2.7, the labels on the two moves  proceeding from  node $S_1$
should be switched: Small to Large, and Large to Small.


*   p. 53: (Feb 1997, Chad Zutter)  the very first word on this page should be
``Jones'', not ``Smith''.



p. 61.  (found by   Kyung-Hwan Baik, Appalachian State/Sung Kyun Kwan U., March
29, 1996).   The two equilibria that p. 59  says are boldfaced in Table 2.7 do
not have the boldfacing. Those two equilibria are

$\{Sue, Settle, Try), (Offer, Offer)\}$ and  $\{Sue, Refuse, Try), (Resist,
Resist)\}$.

p. 61, the payoff under {(Sue;Settle,Try),(Offer,Offer)} should be
0.15 (-0.15,-0.15), not 0.15 (0.15,-0.15)


p. 90 :   ``Curiatius'', not ``Curatius''.  



p105.   (David Rosenbaum) In paragraph beginning "In determining the
settlement...", third line
should have defendent, not plaintiff.

 
p. 111 (Kyung Hwan Baik, May 20, 1996). On page 111, 13th line from the top,
"In section
3.4,..." should be  "In section 3.5,..."
 
*p. 113. Second full paragraph, should be
  $V <C$,
 not
 $V>C$
 (thanks to Michael  Mesterton-Gibbons)
 

*p. 118.  Patrick Chen (Feb 1997)  
  The probability next to $Wait$ for Smith should be $1-\theta$, not $\theta$.  
 
p. 119. 
   Question 4.4d should   be added to the book:\\
    \hspace*{16pt}(4.4d) Which  three games that have appeared so far in the
book  resemble  ``Grab the Dollar''?
 
p.  130. Four lines of text from the bottom: change ``Table 5.2'' to ``Table
5.3'' .
 
    p. 141, problem 5.2.  Should be  ``where $x \in (0,c]$ and the seller
becomes liable for $x$ at the time of sale'',  not ``where $x \in (0,c]$''.
(clarifying addition)

 Page 141. (David Rosenbaum)  Question 5.2 refers to the quality game in
section 5.8.  The
quality game is in section 5.4.

 p. 151:  (Feb 1997, Chad Zutter) Under Passive Conjectures, a parenthesis is
missing. It should be $Prob (Hater|Apply) =0.9$.
    

*p. 152. (January 8, 1996. Found by   Hal Wasserman  of Berkeley.) The
sentence,
 ``The following is the unique perfect Bayesian
equilibrium.''    should become

 ``The following is the unique  perfect Bayesian
equilibrium in pure strategies.\footnote{There exists a plausible mixed-
strategy equilibrium too:  $ (Entrant: Enter if Strong, Enter with probability
m=.2 if weak; Incumbent: Collude with probability n=.2)$.  The payoff from this
is only 150, so if the equilibrium were the one in mixed strategies, ignorance
would $not$ help.}''

 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
January 8, 1996. Found by   Hal Wasserman  of Berkeley. 

     *p. 154.  ``Even if
the entrant is weak  and  Nature tells this to the incumbent,   the entrant
would choose {\it Stay Out}, because he
does not know that the incumbent knows, and his expected payoff from
{\it Enter} would be $-7.5$ ($= [0.9 + 0.05][-10] + 0.05[40]$).''

should become

 ``Even if
the entrant is strong  and  Nature tells this to the incumbent,   the entrant
would choose {\it Stay Out}, because he
does not know that the incumbent knows, and his expected payoff from
{\it Enter} would be `$-5$ ($= [0.9 ][-10] + 0.1[40]$).''

  

 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



  p. 156, first paragraph. Should be ``payoff is just 0.1'' not     ``payoff is
just  1''


p. 183 (April 1999, Axel Adam-Mueller and Stamen Gortchev).  Figure 7.4. The
line labelled $\pi_i = 6$ should be labelled  $\pi_i = 3$.

p. 185, line 1. It should not read $\pi_i = 6$,   but rather   $\pi_i = 3$. 

p. 186, Figure 7.5.  $C_3$ should be immediately above the  6 on the horizontal
axis.

 p. 196, Order of play for PG VI, move (1).  Should be ``the agent a wage'',
not ``the worker a wage''.

  p. 208 (November 1998, Kyung Hwan Baik). Equation (9) has (1-0) in the last
exponent, but it should have  $(1-\theta)$.


   
p. 216. Change: ``Each student $i$ reports a number evaluating other students
in the class.'' to ``Each student $i$ reports his numerical evaluation of the
other students in the class.''

p. 219. First line of Problem 8.1. Change ``$U=\sqrt { w-\alpha e}$''   to
``$U=\sqrt { w}-\alpha e $''
  

 
 p. 225, Order of Play.  Should be ``The seller accepts or rejects'' not ``The
buyer accepts or rejects.''

p. 227 (August 1998, Wendy Liu). Figure 9.2 should have $\overline{theta}$ on
the horizontal axis, not $\theta$.

p. 233. (November 1998, Kyung Hwan Baik). In some printings, Figure 9.5 might
have the lavels switched on the dotted and solid indifference curves for
Uunsafe and Usafe. To check whether it is correctly labelled, see if C2  is
outside (away from the axis) of the Usafe curve, as it should be.

p. 233 (November 1998, Kyung Hwan Baik).    Line 8 says, "The insurance company
is risk neutral, so its indifference curve is the straight line $\omega F$ if
Smith is a customer regardless of his type.'' This is correct, but ambiguous. A
better phrasing would be:\\
 "The insurance company is risk neutral, so its indifference curve is a
straight line. If Smith will be a customer regardless of his type, the
company's indifference curve  based on its expected profits is   $\omega F$
(although if the company knew that Smith was Safe, the indifference curve would
be steeper, and if it knew he was Unsafe,  the curve  would be steeper).''

p. 259. (November 1998, Kyung Hwan Baik).  The screening game order of play is
different here than in the general screening extensive form on page 167. I
should redo the form on p. 167. It does not affect the analysis at all, but I
should be consistent.


p. 265. The Matthews and Moore article was published in 1987, not 1981. 

 


 p. 268.  
   Substitute

  ``I will use specific numbers for concreteness.    The entrepreneur could
signal  that the stock has the high  mean value,  $\mu=120$,   in two ways:
(a)    retaining a  high percentage, $\alpha=0.4$,  and  making the initial
offering at a high price of  $P_0=90$, or (b) retaining a  low  percentage,
$\alpha=0.3$, and  making the initial offering at a low price,  $P_0=80$.
Figure 10.4 shows the different combinations of
initial price and fraction retained that might be used.  If the stock has a
high variance, he will want to choose behavior (b), which reduces his risk.
Investors deduce that the stock of anyone who retains a low percentage  and
offers a low price actually has   $\mu=120$ and a high variance, so stock
offered at  the  price of 80 rises in price.    If, on the other hand,  the
entrepreneur retained $\alpha=.3$   and  offered the  high price  $P_0=90$,
investors would conclude that   $\mu$ was lower than 120,  but the variance was
low also, so  the stock would not rise in price. The low price conveys the
information that this stock has a high mean and  high variance rather than a
low mean and low variance.''

 for:
 
``Using particular numbers ...  smaller discount and be willing to hold
a larger fraction.  Figure 10.4 shows the different combinations of
initial price and fraction retained that might be used.'' 
 
 (Peter Gordon, University of the West Indies)


 p. 314.  Top line of the equations should have  ``$p_a < p_b$'', not ``$p_i <
p_b$''.
  
p. 315.   Equation (18a) should have  ``$p_a < p_b$'', not ``$p_a< p_a$''.


p. 315 (clarification, August 1998)   Add this paragraph after equation (18). 
 
  Here is why equations (18c) and (18d) look the way they do. 
If Brydox has the lower price, all consumers will want to
buy from Brydox if they buy at all, but only 70 will be able
to.  If Brydox's price is more than 50, then less than 70
will want to buy at all, and so  0  customers will be left for
Apex-- which is  equation  (18c).   If Brydox's price is less
than 50, then Brydox will sell 70 units, and the residual
demand curve facing Apex is as in equation (17), yielding
equation (18d). 


 p. 326: The first line of equation (52) should have a negative sign in front
of it (the second and third lines are correct).


p. 328.    What is now `` From equation (13.\ref{fox}), $\frac{\partial \pi_n}
{\partial p_n}$ is increasing in $\kappa$,  so    $\pi_n(p_n, p_{-n}, \kappa  )
- \pi_n( p_n', p_{-n},  \kappa    $''

should be

 ` ` From equation (13.\ref{fox}), $\frac{\partial \pi_n}{\partial p_n}$ is
increasing in $\kappa$,  so    $\pi_n(p_n, p_{-n}, \kappa  ) - \pi_n( p_n',
p_{-n},  \kappa ) $''

 

p. 334.    Add to the  Appendix B glossary:
 {\bf maximand}   A maximand  is what is being maximized. In the problem
``Maximize $f(x,  \theta)$ by choice of  $x$'', the maximand is  $f$.


p. 335.   Should be: ``but
that the lower durability makes it credible to high-valuation buyers
that the seller expects their business in the future and will not
lower his price.''

not
 
``but
that the lower durability makes it  so credible to high-valuation buyers
that the seller expects their business in the future and will not
lower his price.''

(drop the ``so'')

 
p. 336.  The Kreps and Scheinkman article was published in 1983, not 1985. 
 

p. 338.  Should be:
 
``In the durable monopoly model this would happen if the high-valuation buyers
bought in the first period and thus were absent from consideration by the
second period. In  the bargaining model  this would happen if the  buyer
rejected the first-period offer and the seller could conclude that  he must
have a low valuation and act accordingly in the second period.''


not
 
 ``In the durable monopoly model this would happen if the high-valuation
sellers bought in the first period and thus were absent from consideration by
the second period. In  the bargaining model  this would happen if the  seller
rejected the first-period offer and   could conclude that  he must have a low-
valuation and act accordingly in the second period.''

p. 339. (found by Kyung Hwan Baik) Underneath equation (81) it should read
``where $\alpha > \beta$''  rather than ``where $\alpha - \beta$''.

p. 346. Should be: 

 `` Because  equation (6) uses the difference between the two firm's values of
$f$, it is relative effort which determines the winner.''

 not 

 ``Using the difference between the $f$ functions for each firm  makes it
relative effort which matters.''
 



 p. 348, 1st paragraph of 14.2.  Should be ``predatory pricing is charging a
low price'', not ``predatory pricing is charging a high price''.

 * p. 351 (March 1997, Peter-John Gordon): In the middle of the page it  should
be: ``Equating these two payoffs and solving for $\beta$ yields $ \beta =
\frac{MR_1 -R_2}{(M-1) R_2}$, which is...''

p. 351  (March 1997, clarification):  Just above inequality (21), say:
``...either of two conditions, both of which are found by substituting the
equilibrium value of  $\beta$ into expression (20).   The first is if $R_0$ is
small enough, a sufficient condition for which is''

 
p. 370.  Formula (2)   should be $s^*= \frac{2 \delta \theta}{n + \theta}$.


  %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  p. 382.     ( Erik Johannessen  )
  
The problem answer on p. 382 is wrong.   The arrows and explanation for
Scarface I  are wrong.
  
* {\bf 1.3: Timmy and Scarface.} Players  Timmy  and Scarface are caught in a
game like the ``Prisoner's Dilemma''   of  Table 1.1,  except that Scarface
already has a
criminal record, so he will always get a prison term at least 5 years
greater than Timmy, regardless of who confesses and who denies.
Construct an outcome matrix (with Scarface as Row) and find the Nash
equilibrium for this game. (Note: There is more than one game that reasonably
fits  this story.)\\
   \hspace*{72pt} \underline{  {\it Answer.}} The story is too vague to tell us
exactly how the payoffs change from Table 1.1, so I will give two
possibilities.  Table A.2 is constructed by just subtracting 5 from
each of Scarface's payoffs in the original ``Prisoner's Dilemma'' in
Table 1.1, except for subtracting 15 from his payoff for {\it (Confess, Deny)}.
In equilibrium, Scarface denies and Timmy confesses.
  \begin{center} {\bf Table A.2 ``Scarface I'' }
 
 \begin{tabular}{lllccc}
  &       &             &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\bf Timmy}\\
  &       &             &  {\it Deny}    &   &  $ Confess$       \\
  &   &  $ Deny$      &      $-6,-1$  & $\rightarrow$  & {\bf   -15,0 } \\
 & {\bf Scarface:} &&$\uparrow$& & $\downarrow$ \\
&  &    {\it Confess }      &     $-15,-10$  & $\rightarrow$  &   $-13,-8 $ \\  
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\it Payoffs to: (Scarface, Timmy).}
\end{tabular}                
\end{center}

 Table A.2 is a little far-fetched, because it implies that when
  Scarface confesses, Timmy's denial increases {\it
Scarface}'s punishment, as well as Timmy's.  This is possible.  Maybe
the judge wants to punish Timmy more (for denying), but must always
punish Scarface more than Timmy.   Table A.3 shows another game to
fit the story, one which preserves the ``Prisoner's Dilemma'' property
that a prisoner is treated more leniently for providing useful
evidence.   

  \begin{center}
{\bf Table A.3  ``Scarface II''   }
  
 \begin{tabular}{lllccc}
  &       &             &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\bf Timmy}\\
  &       &             &  {\it Deny}    &   &  $ Confess$       \\
  &   &  $ Deny$      &      $-6,-1$  & $\rightarrow$  &    $-30,0$   \\
 & {\bf Scarface:} &&$\uparrow$& & $\downarrow$ \\
&  &    {\it Confess }      &     $-13,-8$  & $\rightarrow$  &   {\bf -20,-5}\\  
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\it Payoffs to: (Scarface, Timmy).}
\end{tabular}                
\end{center}
   In both new games,  $(Confess, Confess)$ is the Nash equilibrium, even
though $Confess$ is not a dominant strategy for Scarface (he would
$Deny$ if he thought Timmy would go along with him). 

   
   
 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   

  p. 395.  (Clarification) Problem 5.3e.   Add:  ``if payoffs are received at
the beginning of each period''.  It would have been better to specify payoffs
at the end of each period.

  

     p. 395.    The answer to question 5.5a should have $r = R/(T-R)$  rather
than $r= (T-R)/R$.

 
 p. 400.    In 6.1f,  the figure 26 2/3 should be replaced by 23 1/3. 

p. 404. (Clarification)  The problem answer currently says:

 \hspace*{16pt} ``(7.5a) Will the worker be paid anything if he makes a
mistake?\\
 \hspace*{72pt}  \underline{\it Answer}. Yes. He is risk averse, unlike the
principal, so his wage should be even across states.''

 It would be clearer as: 
 
 \hspace*{16pt} ``(7.5a) Will the worker be paid anything if he makes a
mistake?\\
 \hspace*{72pt}  \underline{\it Answer}. Yes. He is risk averse, unlike the
principal, so   his wage would be even across states ideally; that is, whether
he made a mistake or not. Paying him zero when a mistake occurs would  stop him
from taking the job, since  the $-10/w$ term in his utility function means he
would have a positive probability of a utility of negative infinity.''



   p. 408. In problem 9.1d:  ``compared
to 1.57 (=$0.5 log(10.99) + 0.5 log(2.01))$'' should become
  ``compared
to 1.50 (=$0.5 log(9.99) + 0.5 log(2.01))$'' .
 
(found by Richard Tucker, Indiana U. poli sci)

 p. 410 (April 1999), Francisco Galera) In  9.3c, the answer should be
$\alpha^* = 1$, not 0.5.  Also, I have rewritten this problem and its answer
generally, and can send the new, enlarged version to anyone who desires it.


p. 418.  Should be
 
``\underline{ {\it Answer}.}  The utility point at which Jones has all the
molasses and Smith has the   muffins is now (1000, 350),''


 not 

``\underline{ {\it Answer}.}  The utility point at which Jones has all the
molasses and Smith has the molasses is now (1000, 350),''

 p. 419. Clarification: 
Add  a sentence at the end , changing, \\
 ``{\bf  11.5: A Fixed cost of Bargaining and Incomplete Information. }
  Smith and Jones are trying to split 100 dollars. In bargaining
round 1, Smith makes an offer at cost $c$, proposing to keep $S_1$
for himself.''\\
 to 
 ``{\bf  11.5: A Fixed cost of Bargaining and Incomplete Information. }
  Smith and Jones are trying to split 100 dollars. In bargaining
round 1, Smith makes an offer at cost $c$, proposing to keep $S_1$
for himself. Smith does not have the option  to refrain from making this first
offer. ''\\

  p. 433. This is OK as it stands.  (The $R$s refers to   two 1-dimensional
real lines)

  p. 449. Chuan-Yang, not Chuan-Yank. 



p. 440.  Theorem B.2, first paragraph, should have:   $ y \geq  z$ (not $y
\leq z$), so $y$ is the ``big'' equilibrium. (found by Mathias Erlei, U.
Muenster, March 29, 1996)


 p. 457.  McMillan, John (1992)  {\it Games, Strategies, and Managers: How
Managers can use Game Theory  to Make Better Business Decisions}. 
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992. 

not 

McMillan, John ,  {\it Games, Strategies, and Managers: How
Managers can use Game Theory  to Make Better Business Decisions}. 
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992. 



 p. 463. Scarf, Herbert....  The ``63n'' should be deleted. 


 Not yet paginated: 
 
  If I talk about Rohm and Haas and arsenic in denture plastic, I am probably
relaying a mistaken story. See McAfee and Deneckere, p. 158-9, JEMS, 1996, for
a better story.
  
 
\end{document} 

   
 
